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����������� is now creating an ecosystem that supports circularity, with strategically located hubs and partners.��

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“The idea is that we gather the batteries at ����������� circular battery hubs where we analyse and categorise them. If they are suitable for reuse or repurposing, they are repaired if needed, and stored for later use. If not, the batteries are recycled,” Tshibanda explains.

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Let’s take a closer look at the different steps:

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Step 1: Reuse – using the battery to its full potential in the initial product

Reuse is the first option in circular economy. A good example of battery reuse is the mid-life renovation ����������� carried out on several hybrid electric city buses belonging to a major public transport operator in Sweden. By incorporating reused batteries into the buses ����������� offered a life cycle and value adapted renovation that maximised the value for the customer.

“Instead of mounting brand-new batteries that would outlast the buses, we installed reused batteries whose lifetime would match the remaining lifespan of the buses,” says Tshibanda.

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Step 2: Repurpose – a second life for the batteries in other products

Even after reaching the end of their life in the vehicle, batteries can still provide significant value. They can be used for other applications such as Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS), gigantic power banks that work according to the same principle you use for your cell phone.

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These systems could provide frequency balancing services to grid operators, which are in demand as more renewable energy sources such as solar and wind power are introduced. Another way to use a Battery Energy Storage System could be to boost local electric grids that are too weak to deliver the required power.

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“We used a 1MWh Battery Energy Storage System that was built as a proof-of-concept for ����������� batteries. This system is being used as a grid-booster in the depot of a haulage company which recently put six ����������� BEV trucks into operation but couldn’t charge them because there’s only 50kW of power available from the grid; not enough for fast charging. With the Battery Energy Storage System the depot has now more than 500kW of charging power, which is enough for the trucks,”��says Tshibanda.

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Another example of repurposing is ����������� provision of second-life batteries to VW Group Services’�� development of Battery Energy Storage Systems, which will reach the market in 2024.

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Step 3: Recycle – reducing the need for virgin material in new batteries

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When the battery has reached a stage where it cannot be reused or repurposed, ����������� has a recycling infrastructure in place. Precious raw materials such as cobalt are recycled and can be used to reduce the need for virgin material in the production of new batteries.